Cathepsin K

Summary

Protein Function

Cathepsin K, abbreviated CTSK, is a member of the peptidase C1 protein family, is expressed predominantly in osteoclasts. Cathepsin K could catabolize elastin, collagen, and gelatin allow it to break down bone and cartilage. This catabolic activity is also partially responsible for the loss of lung elasticity and recoil in emphysema. Cathepsin K inhibitors, such as odanacatib, show great potential in the treatment of osteoporosis. Cathepsin K is degraded by Cathepsin S, called Controlled Cathepsin Cannibalism.
Its expression is stimulated by inflammatory cytokines that are released after tissue injury. (From Wikipedia)
Closely involved in osteoclastic bone resorption and may participate partially in the disorder of bone remodeling. Displays potent endoprotease activity against fibrinogen at acid pH. May play an important role in extracellular matrix degradation. (From Uniprot)

Cys Function & Property

Cys139 is one of the active sites of Cathepsin K, which is very close to His276 and Asn296 in space. These three residues formed a typical catalytic triad motif.

• Hydrophobic property:

• SASA：

Cys139: 11.382 A^2

Protein Sequence

MWGLKVLLLP VVSFALYPEE ILDTHWELWK KTHRKQYNNK VDEISRRLIW
EKNLKYISIH NLEASLGVHT YELAMNHLGD MTSEEVVQKM TGLKVPLSHS
RSNDTLYIPE WEGRAPDSVD YRKKGYVTPV KNQGQCGSCW AFSSVGALEG
QLKKKTGKLL NLSPQNLVDC VSENDGCGGG YMTNAFQYVQ KNRGIDSEDA
YPYVGQEESC MYNPTGKAAK CRGYREIPEG NEKALKRAVA RVGPVSVAID
ASLTSFQFYS KGVYYDESCN SDNLNHAVLA VGYGIQKGNK HWIIKNSWGE
NWGNKGYILM ARNKNNACGI ANLASFPKM

Structural Information

• Known structures with covalent ligands:
  

3H7D, 3C9E, 1ATK, 1YT7, 1Q6K

1U9V, 1U9W, 1U9X, 1VSN, 1YK7

1YK8, 2AUX, 2AUZ, 3KW9, 1AU0

1AU2, 1AU3, 1AU4, 1AYU, 1AYW

1NLJ, 1SNK

• Protein structure:

Related Pathway

• Lysosome
  
• Apoptosis
  
• Osteoclast differentiation
  
• Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
  
• Rheumatoid arthritis
  

Experimental Evidence

Crystallography

Reference

1. Cherney M M, Lecaille F, Kienitz M, et al. Structure-activity analysis of cathepsin K/chondroitin 4-sulfate interactions[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2011, 286(11): 8988-8998. 21193413
   
2. Li Z, Kienetz M, Cherney M M, et al. The crystal and molecular structures of a cathepsin K: chondroitin sulfate complex[J]. Journal of molecular biology, 2008, 383(1): 78-91. 18692071
   
3. Zhao B, Janson C A, Amegadzie B Y, et al. Crystal structure of human osteoclast cathepsin K complex with E-64[J]. Nature structural biology, 1997, 4(2): 109. 9033588
   
4. Respondek T, Garner R N, Herroon M K, et al. Light activation of a cysteine protease inhibitor: caging of a peptidomimetic nitrile with Ru^II(bpy)₂[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2011, 133(43): 17164-17167. 21973207
   
5. Barrett D G, Boncek V M, Catalano J G, et al. P2–P3 conformationally constrained ketoamide-based inhibitors of cathepsin K[J]. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 2005, 15(15): 3540-3546. 15982880
   
6. Catalano J G, Deaton D N, Furfine E S, et al. Exploration of the P1 SAR of aldehyde cathepsin K inhibitors[J]. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 2004, 14(1): 275-278. 14684342
   
7. Li C S, Deschenes D, Desmarais S, et al. Identification of a potent and selective non-basic cathepsin K inhibitor[J]. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 2006, 16(7): 1985-1989. 16413777
   
8. Deaton D N, Hassell A M, McFadyen R B, et al. Novel and potent cyclic cyanamide-based cathepsin K inhibitors[J]. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 2005, 15(7): 1815-1819. 15780613
   
9. Barrett D G, Deaton D N, Hassell A M, et al. Acyclic cyanamide-based inhibitors of cathepsin K[J]. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 2005, 15(12): 3039-3043. 15896958
   
10. Adkison K K, Barrett D G, Deaton D N, et al. Semicarbazone-based inhibitors of cathepsin K, are they prodrugs for aldehyde inhibitors?[J]. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 2006, 16(4): 978-983. 16290936
    
11. Rankovic Z, Cai J, Kerr J, et al. Design and optimization of a series of novel 2-cyano-pyrimidines as cathepsin K inhibitors[J]. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 2010, 20(5): 1524-1527. 20149657
    
12. DesJarlais R L, Yamashita D S, Oh H J, et al. Use of X-ray co-crystal structures and molecular modeling to design potent and selective non-peptide inhibitors of cathepsin K[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1998, 120(35): 9114-9115. DOI:10.1021/ja981171v
13. Marquis R W, Yamashita D S, Ru Y, et al. Conformationally constrained 1, 3-diamino ketones: a series of potent inhibitors of the cysteine protease cathepsin K[J]. Journal of medicinal chemistry, 1998, 41(19): 3563-3567. 9733481
    
14. Thompson S K, Halbert S M, Bossard M J, et al. Design of potent and selective human cathepsin K inhibitors that span the active site[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1997, 94(26): 14249-14254. 9405598
    
15. Marquis R W, Ru Y, LoCastro S M, et al. Azepanone-based inhibitors of human and rat cathepsin K[J]. Journal of medicinal chemistry, 2001, 44(9): 1380-1395. 11311061
    
16. Boros E E, Deaton D N, Hassell A M, et al. Exploration of the P2–P3 SAR of aldehyde cathepsin K inhibitors[J]. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 2004, 14(13): 3425-3429. 15177446